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None of the products analysed in this study have been approved by the FDA for use as tobacco cessation aids

Due to the discomfort and potential irritation that a saliva-dip mixture can cause, users will usually spit the excess moisture out

Pairing this step with healthy lifestyle habits, stress management, and professional medical care can speed up recovery

Discussion This study encompasses the first characterization of the oral microbiome of the Emirati population and describes, for the first time, the specific effects on oral bacterial community structure of two regional products, dokha and shisha, with the latter experiencing increased worldwide usage in recent years 14