Racing Thoughts And Disjointed Speech Racing thoughts and disjointed speech are psychological indicators of amphetamine dependence because a 400% increase of noradrenaline enhances alertness and arousal within 45 minutes of drug-taking, leading to [7]: Disorganised thinking and speech in up to 55% of daily amphetamine users, including continual loud outbursts, abrupt switching of topics, and the slurring of words [30] Users appear alert, agitated, and over-reactive, with rapid incessant speech and unpredictable behaviour, including talking to themselves or arguing/yelling at others without an explanation [17] Racing thoughts and disjointed speech caused by amphetamine misuse typically subside within 1 month, although 30% experience symptoms for 1 - 6 months, and 4% of cases develop into Schizophrenia [32]
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J Neurosci 27 , 134918 (2007)
Studies of nicotine medications indicate that the risks of nicotine without tobacco combustion are low compared to cigarette smoking, but are still of concern in people with cardiovascular disease 15,18,43
