In controlled human trials, doses between 6mg and 12mg per day have reduced markers of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased antioxidant enzyme activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).22 A 2022 meta-analysis combining results from 12 clinical studies also found small but significant reductions in C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 both indicators of systemic inflammation.23 Researchers think this might be due to astaxanthins ability to interact with key inflammatory signaling pathways like NF-B and Nrf2, which help regulate the bodys balance between inflammation and antioxidant defenses.24 25 These effects appear modest but consistent across studies, though its not yet clear how much they translate into real-world health outcomes
The angiogenesis promoting effect raises theoretical concerns for individuals with cancer history or active malignancy
Jessberger S, Zhao C, Toni N, Clemenson GD,Jr., Li Y, Gage FH
Some procedures and substances have the potential for rare but life-threatening AEs (e.g., sepsis with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) administration, or risks associated with major surgery)
