[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 43.Bersuker K, Hendricks JM, Li Z, Magtanong L, Ford B, Tang PH, Roberts MA, Tong B, Maimone TJ, Zoncu R, et al
TBI-induced ischemia, due to reduced CBF or microvascular damage that impedes blood glucose delivery despite preserved CBF, causes increased utilization of all these energy sources, which subsequently stresses cellular glucose/glycogen/lactate stores within the first few hours after injury [39, 59, 60]
Currently approved delivery methods include: Subcutaneous injection : The most common route, using pre-filled pens for once-weekly (semaglutide, dulaglutide) or once-daily (liraglutide) administration Oral tablets : Semaglutide (Rybelsus) is the only FDA-approved oral GLP-1 medication, utilizing absorption-enhancing technology No transdermal patch formulation has received FDA approval for GLP-1 delivery
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